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The James Bond series focuses on a fictional British Secret Service agent created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming, who featured him in twelve novels and two short-story collections. Since Fleming's death in 1964, eight other authors have written authorised Bond novels or novelizations: Kingsley Amis, Christopher Wood, John Gardner, Raymond Benson, Sebastian Faulks, Jeffery Deaver, William Boyd and Anthony Horowitz. The latest novel is Forever and a Day by Anthony Horowitz, published in May 2018. Additionally Charlie Higson wrote a series on a young James Bond, and Kate Westbrook wrote three novels based on the diaries of a recurring series character, Moneypenny.

The character has also been adapted for television, radio, comic strip, video games and film. The films are the longest continually running film series of all time and have grossed over $7.040 billion in total, making it the sixth-highest-grossing film series to date, which started in 1962 with Dr. No, starring Sean Connery as Bond. As of 2019, there have been twenty-four films in the Eon Productionsseries. The most recent Bond film, Spectre (2015), stars Daniel Craig in his fourth portrayal of Bond; he is the sixth actor to play Bond in the Eon series. There have also been two independent productions of Bond films: Casino Royale (a 1967 spoof) and Never Say Never Again (a 1983 remake of an earlier Eon-produced film, Thunderball). In 2015 the series was estimated to be worth $19.9 billion,^[1] making James Bond one of the highest-grossing media franchises of all time.

The Bond films are renowned for a number of features, including the musical accompaniment, with the theme songs having received Academy Award nominations on several occasions, and two wins. Other important elements which run through most of the films include Bond's cars, his guns, and the gadgets with which he is supplied by Q Branch. The films are also noted for Bond's relationships with various women, who are sometimes referred to as 'Bond girls'.

• 1Publication history
  • 1.2Novels and related works
• 2Adaptations
  • 2.4Films
• 3Guns, vehicles and gadgets

Publication history

Creation and inspiration

Ian Fleming created the fictional character of James Bond as the central figure for his works. Bond is an intelligence officer in the Secret Intelligence Service, commonly known as MI6. Bond is known by his code number, 007, and was a Royal Naval ReserveCommander. Fleming based his fictional creation on a number of individuals he came across during his time in the Naval Intelligence Division and 30 Assault Unit during the Second World War, admitting that Bond 'was a compound of all the secret agents and commando types I met during the war'.^[2] Among those types were his brother, Peter, who had been involved in behind-the-lines operations in Norway and Greece during the war.^[3] Aside from Fleming's brother, a number of others also provided some aspects of Bond's make up, including Conrad O'Brien-ffrench, Patrick Dalzel-Job and Bill 'Biffy' Dunderdale.^[2]

The name James Bond came from that of the American ornithologistJames Bond, a Caribbean bird expert and author of the definitive field guideBirds of the West Indies. Fleming, a keen birdwatcher himself, had a copy of Bond's guide and he later explained to the ornithologist's wife that 'It struck me that this brief, unromantic, Anglo-Saxon and yet very masculine name was just what I needed, and so a second James Bond was born'.^[4] He further explained that:

When I wrote the first one in 1953, I wanted Bond to be an extremely dull, uninteresting man to whom things happened; I wanted him to be a blunt instrument ... when I was casting around for a name for my protagonist I thought by God, [James Bond] is the dullest name I ever heard.

On another occasion, Fleming said: 'I wanted the simplest, dullest, plainest-sounding name I could find, 'James Bond' was much better than something more interesting, like 'Peregrine Carruthers'. Exotic things would happen to and around him, but he would be a neutral figure—an anonymous, blunt instrument wielded by a government department.'^[6]

Fleming decided that Bond should resemble both American singer Hoagy Carmichael and himself^[7] and in Casino Royale, Vesper Lynd remarks, 'Bond reminds me rather of Hoagy Carmichael, but there is something cold and ruthless.' Likewise, in Moonraker, Special Branch Officer Gala Brand thinks that Bond is 'certainly good-looking ... Rather like Hoagy Carmichael in a way. That black hair falling down over the right eyebrow. Much the same bones. But there was something a bit cruel in the mouth, and the eyes were cold.'^[7]

Fleming endowed Bond with many of his own traits, including sharing the same golf handicap, the taste for scrambled eggs and using the same brand of toiletries.^[8] Bond's tastes are also often taken from Fleming's own as was his behaviour,^[9] with Bond's love of golf and gambling mirroring Fleming's own. Fleming used his experiences of his espionage career and all other aspects of his life as inspiration when writing, including using names of school friends, acquaintances, relatives and lovers throughout his books.^[2]

It was not until the penultimate novel, You Only Live Twice, that Fleming gave Bond a sense of family background. The book was the first to be written after the release of Dr. No in cinemas and Sean Connery's depiction of Bond affected Fleming's interpretation of the character, to give Bond both a sense of humour and Scottish antecedents that were not present in the previous stories.^[10] In a fictional obituary, purportedly published in The Times, Bond's parents were given as Andrew Bond, from the village of Glencoe, Scotland, and Monique Delacroix, from the canton of Vaud, Switzerland.^[11] Fleming did not provide Bond's date of birth, but John Pearson's fictional biography of Bond, James Bond: The Authorized Biography of 007, gives Bond a birth date on 11 November 1920,^[12] while a study by John Griswold puts the date at 11 November 1921.^[13]

Novels and related works

Ian Fleming novels

Whilst serving in the Naval Intelligence Division, Fleming had planned to become an author^[15] and had told a friend, 'I am going to write the spy story to end all spy stories.'^[2] On 17 February 1952, he began writing his first James Bond novel, Casino Royale, at his Goldeneye estate in Jamaica,^[16] where he wrote all his Bond novels during the months of January and February each year.^[17] He started the story shortly before his wedding to his pregnant girlfriend, Ann Charteris, in order to distract himself from his forthcoming nuptials.^[18]

After completing the manuscript for Casino Royale, Fleming showed it to his friend (and later editor) William Plomer to read. Plomer liked it and submitted it to the publishers, Jonathan Cape, who did not like it as much. Cape finally published it in 1953 on the recommendation of Fleming's older brother Peter, an established travel writer.^[17] Between 1953 and 1966, two years after his death, twelve novels and two short-story collections were published, with the last two books – The Man with the Golden Gun and Octopussy and The Living Daylights – published posthumously.^[19] All the books were published in the UK through Jonathan Cape.

Post-Fleming novels

After Fleming's death a continuation novel, Colonel Sun, was written by Kingsley Amis (as Robert Markham) and published in 1968.^[34] Amis had already written a literary study of Fleming's Bond novels in his 1965 work The James Bond Dossier.^[35] Although novelizations of two of the Eon Productions Bond films appeared in print, James Bond, The Spy Who Loved Me and James Bond and Moonraker, both written by screenwriter Christopher Wood,^[36] the series of novels did not continue until the 1980s. In 1981 the thriller writer John Gardner picked up the series with Licence Renewed.^[37] Gardner went on to write sixteen Bond books in total; two of the books he wrote – Licence to Kill and GoldenEye – were novelizations of Eon Productions films of the same name. Gardner moved the Bond series into the 1980s, although he retained the ages of the characters as they were when Fleming had left them.^[38] In 1996 Gardner retired from writing James Bond books due to ill health.^[39]

In 1996 the American author Raymond Benson became the author of the Bond novels. Benson had previously been the author of The James Bond Bedside Companion, first published in 1984.^[54]By the time he moved on to other, non-Bond related projects in 2002, Benson had written six Bond novels, three novelizations and three short stories.^[55]

After a gap of six years, Sebastian Faulks was commissioned by Ian Fleming Publications to write a new Bond novel, which was released on 28 May 2008, the 100th anniversary of Fleming's birth.^[65] The book—titled Devil May Care—was published in the UK by Penguin Books and by Doubleday in the US.^[66] American writer Jeffery Deaver was then commissioned by Ian Fleming Publications to produce Carte Blanche, which was published on 26 May 2011.^[67] The book updated Bond into a post-9/11 agent, independent of MI5 or MI6.^[68] On 26 September 2013, Solo by William Boyd, set in 1969, was published.^[69] In October 2014, it was announced that Anthony Horowitz was to write a Bond continuation novel.^[70] Set in the 1950s two weeks after the events of Goldfinger, it contains material written, but previously unreleased, by Fleming. Trigger Mortis was released on 8 September 2015.^[71][72][73] Horowitz's second Bond novel, Forever and a Day, tells the origin story of Bond as a 00 agent prior to the events of Casino Royale. The novel, also based on unpublished material from Fleming, was released on 31 May 2018.^[74][75]

Young Bond

The Young Bond series of novels was started by Charlie Higson^[76] and, between 2005 and 2009, five novels and one short story were published.^[77] The first Young Bond novel, SilverFin was also adapted and released as a graphic novel on 2 October 2008 by Puffin Books.^[78] In October 2013 Ian Fleming Publications announced that Stephen Cole would continue the series, with the first edition scheduled to be released in Autumn 2014.^[79]

The Moneypenny Diaries

The Moneypenny Diaries are a trilogy of novels chronicling the life of Miss Moneypenny, M's personal secretary. The novels are penned by Samantha Weinberg under the pseudonym Kate Westbrook, who is depicted as the book's 'editor'.^[87] The first instalment of the trilogy, subtitled Guardian Angel, was released on 10 October 2005 in the UK.^[88] A second volume, subtitled Secret Servant was released on 2 November 2006 in the UK, published by John Murray.^[89] A third volume, subtitled Final Fling was released on 1 May 2008.^[90]

Adaptations

Television

In 1954 CBS paid Ian Fleming $1,000 ($9,330 in 2018 dollars^[94]) to adapt his novel Casino Royale into a one-hour television adventure as part of its Climax! series.^[95] The episode aired live on 21 October 1954 and starred Barry Nelson as 'Card Sense' James Bond and Peter Lorre as Le Chiffre.^[96] The novel was adapted for American audiences to show Bond as an American agent working for 'Combined Intelligence', while the character Felix Leiter—American in the novel—became British onscreen and was renamed 'Clarence Leiter'.^[97]

In 1973 a BBC documentary Omnibus: The British Hero featured Christopher Cazenove playing a number of such title characters (e.g. Richard Hannay and Bulldog Drummond). The documentary included James Bond in dramatised scenes fromGoldfinger—notably featuring 007 being threatened with the novel's circular saw, rather than the film's laser beam—and Diamonds Are Forever.^[98] In 1991 a kids's spin-off TV cartoon series, James Bond Jr., was produced with Corey Burton in the role of Bond's nephew, also called James Bond.^[99]

Radio

In 1956 the novel Moonraker was adapted for broadcast on South African radio, with Bob Holness providing the voice of Bond.^[100] According to The Independent, 'listeners across the Union thrilled to Bob's cultured tones as he defeated evil master criminals in search of world domination'.^[101]

The BBC have adapted five of the Fleming novels for broadcast: in 1990 You Only Live Twice was adapted into a 90-minute radio play for BBC Radio 4 with Michael Jayston playing James Bond. The production was repeated a number of times between 2008 and 2011.^[102] On 24 May 2008 BBC Radio 4 broadcast an adaptation of Dr. No. The actor Toby Stephens, who played Bond villain Gustav Graves in the Eon Productions version of Die Another Day, played Bond, while Dr. No was played by David Suchet.^[103] Following its success, a second story was adapted and on 3 April 2010 BBC Radio 4 broadcast Goldfinger with Stephens again playing Bond.^[104]Sir Ian McKellen was Goldfinger and Stephens' Die Another Day co-star Rosamund Pike played Pussy Galore. The play was adapted from Fleming's novel by Archie Scottney and was directed by Martin Jarvis.^[105]In 2012 the novel From Russia, with Love was dramatized for Radio 4; it featured a full cast again starring Stephens as Bond.^[106] In May 2014 Stephens again played Bond, in On Her Majesty's Secret Service, with Alfred Molina as Blofeld, and Joanna Lumley as Irma Bunt.^[107]

Comics

In 1957 the Daily Express approached Ian Fleming to adapt his stories into comic strips, offering him £1,500 per novel and a share of takings from syndication.^[108] After initial reluctance, Fleming, who felt the strips would lack the quality of his writing, agreed.^[109] To aid the Daily Express in illustrating Bond, Fleming commissioned an artist to create a sketch of how he believed James Bond looked. The illustrator, John McLusky, however, felt that Fleming's 007 looked too 'outdated' and 'pre-war' and changed Bond to give him a more masculine look.^[110] The first strip, Casino Royale was published from 7 July 1958 to 13 December 1958^[111] and was written by Anthony Hern and illustrated by John McLusky.^[112]

Most of the Bond novels and short stories have since been adapted for illustration, as well as Kingsley Amis's Colonel Sun; the works were written by Henry Gammidge or Jim Lawrence with Yaroslav Horak replacing McClusky as artist in 1966.^[111] After the Fleming and Amis material had been adapted, original stories were produced, continuing in the Daily Express and Sunday Express until May 1977.^[110]

Several comic book adaptations of the James Bond films have been published through the years: at the time of Dr. No's release in October 1962, a comic book adaptation of the screenplay, written by Norman J. Nodel, was published in Britain as part of the Classics Illustrated anthology series.^[113] It was later reprinted in the United States by DC Comics as part of its Showcase anthology series, in January 1963. This was the first American comic book appearance of James Bond and is noteworthy for being a relatively rare example of a British comic being reprinted in a fairly high-profile American comic. It was also one of the earliest comics to be censored on racial grounds (some skin tones and dialogue were changed for the American market).^[114][113]

With the release of the 1981 film For Your Eyes Only, Marvel Comics published a two-issue comic book adaptation of the film.^[115][116] When Octopussy was released in the cinemas in 1983, Marvel published an accompanying comic;^[113] Eclipse also produced a one-off comic for Licence to Kill, although Timothy Dalton refused to allow his likeness to be used.^[117] New Bond stories were also drawn up and published from 1989 onwards through Marvel, Eclipse Comics, Dark Horse Comics and Dynamite Entertainment.^{[113][116][118]}

Films

Eon Productions films

Eon Productions, the company of Canadian Harry Saltzman and American Albert R. 'Cubby' Broccoli, released the first cinema adaptation of an Ian Fleming novel, Dr. No (1962), based on the eponymous 1958 novel and featuring Sean Connery as 007.^[119] Connery starred in a further four films before leaving the role after You Only Live Twice (1967),^[120] which was taken up by George Lazenby for On Her Majesty's Secret Service (1969).^[121] Lazenby left the role after just one appearance and Connery was brought back for his last Eon-produced film Diamonds Are Forever.^[122]

Roger Moore was appointed to the role of 007 for Live and Let Die (1973). He played Bond a further six times over twelve years, before being replaced by Timothy Dalton for two films. After a six-year hiatus, during which a legal wrangle threatened Eon's productions of the Bond films,^[123] Irish actor Pierce Brosnan was cast as Bond in GoldenEye (1995); he remained in the role for a total of four films, before leaving in 2002. In 2006, Daniel Craig was given the role of Bond for Casino Royale (2006), which rebooted the series.^[124] Craig has appeared for a total of four films, and his fifth is scheduled for release in 2020.^[125] The series has grossed almost $7 billion to date, making it the third-highest-grossing film series (behind the Harry Potter and Marvel Cinematic Universe films),^[126] and the single most successful adjusted for inflation.^[127]

Non-Eon films

In 1967 Casino Royale was adapted into a parody Bond film starring David Niven as Sir James Bond and Ursula Andress as Vesper Lynd. Niven had been Fleming's preference for the role of Bond.^[129] The result of a court case in the High Court in London in 1963 allowed Kevin McClory to produce a remake of Thunderball titled Never Say Never Again in 1983.^[130] The film, produced by Jack Schwartzman's Taliafilm production company and starring Sean Connery as Bond, was not part of the Eon series of Bond films. In 1997 the Sony Corporation acquired all or some of McClory's rights in an undisclosed deal,^[130] which were then subsequently acquired by MGM, whilst on 4 December 1997, MGM announced that the company had purchased the rights to Never Say Never Again from Taliafilm.^[131] As of 2015, Eon holds the full adaptation rights to all of Fleming's Bond novels.^[130][132]

Music

—David Arnold

The 'James Bond Theme' was written by Monty Norman and was first orchestrated by the John Barry Orchestra for 1962's Dr. No, although the actual authorship of the music has been a matter of controversy for many years.^[133] In 2001, Norman won £30,000 in libel damages from The Sunday Times newspaper, which suggested that Barry was entirely responsible for the composition.^[134] The theme, as written by Norman and arranged by Barry, was described by another Bond film composer, David Arnold, as 'bebop-swing vibe coupled with that vicious, dark, distorted electric guitar, definitely an instrument of rock 'n' roll ... it represented everything about the character you would want: It was cocky, swaggering, confident, dark, dangerous, suggestive, sexy, unstoppable. And he did it in two minutes.'^[135] Barry composed the scores for eleven Bond films^[136] and had an uncredited contribution to Dr. No with his arrangement of the Bond Theme.^[135]

A Bond film staple are the theme songs heard during their title sequences sung by well-known popular singers.^[137] Several of the songs produced for the films have been nominated for Academy Awards for Original Song, including Paul McCartney's 'Live and Let Die',^[138]Carly Simon's 'Nobody Does It Better',^[139]Sheena Easton's 'For Your Eyes Only',^[140]Adele's 'Skyfall',^[141] and Sam Smith's 'Writing's on the Wall'.^[142] Adele won the award at the 85th Academy Awards, and Smith won at the 88th Academy Awards.^[143] For the non-Eon produced Casino Royale, Burt Bacharach's score included 'The Look of Love', which was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Song.^[144]

Video games

In 1983 the first Bond video game, developed and published by Parker Brothers, was released for the Atari 2600, the Atari 5200, the Atari 800, the Commodore 64 and the ColecoVision.^[145] Since then, there have been numerous video games either based on the films or using original storylines. In 1997 the first-person shootervideo gameGoldenEye 007 was developed by Rare for the Nintendo 64, based on the 1995 Pierce Brosnan film GoldenEye.^[146] The game received very positive reviews,^[147] won the BAFTA Interactive Entertainment Award for UK Developer of the Year in 1998^[148] and sold over eight million copies worldwide,^[149][150] grossing $250 million.^[151]

In 1999 Electronic Arts acquired the licence and released Tomorrow Never Dies on 16 December 1999.^[152] In October 2000, they released The World Is Not Enough^[153] for the Nintendo 64^[154] followed by 007 Racing for the PlayStation on 21 November 2000.^[155] In 2003, the company released James Bond 007: Everything or Nothing,^[156] which included the likenesses and voices of Pierce Brosnan, Willem Dafoe, Heidi Klum, Judi Dench and John Cleese, amongst others.^[157] In November 2005, Electronic Arts released a video game adaptation of 007: From Russia with Love,^[158] which involved Sean Connery's image and voice-over for Bond.^[158] In 2006 Electronic Arts announced a game based on then-upcoming film Casino Royale: the game was cancelled because it would not be ready by the film's release in November of that year. With MGM losing revenue from lost licensing fees, the franchise was removed from EA to Activision.^[159] Activision subsequently released the 007: Quantum of Solace game on 31 October 2008, based on the film of the same name.^[160]

A new version of GoldenEye 007 featuring Daniel Craig was released for the Wii and a handheld version for the Nintendo DS in November 2010.^[161] A year later a new version was released for Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 under the title GoldenEye 007: Reloaded.^[162][163] In October 2012 007 Legends was released, which featured one mission from each of the Bond actors of the Eon Productions' series.^[164]

Guns, vehicles and gadgets

Guns

For the first five novels, Fleming armed Bond with a Beretta 418^[165] until he received a letter from a thirty-one-year-old Bond enthusiast and gun expert, Geoffrey Boothroyd, criticising Fleming's choice of firearm for Bond,^[166] calling it 'a lady's gun – and not a very nice lady at that!'^[167] Boothroyd suggested that Bond should swap his Beretta for a 7.65mmWalther PPK and this exchange of arms made it to Dr. No.^[168] Boothroyd also gave Fleming advice on the Berns-Martin triple draw shoulder holster and a number of the weapons used by SMERSH and other villains.^[169] In thanks, Fleming gave the MI6 Armourer in his novels the name Major Boothroyd and, in Dr. No, M introduces him to Bond as 'the greatest small-arms expert in the world'.^[168] Bond also used a variety of rifles, including the Savage Model 99 in 'For Your Eyes Only' and a Winchester .308 target rifle in 'The Living Daylights'.^[165] Other handguns used by Bond in the Fleming books included the Colt Detective Special and a long-barrelled Colt .45 Army Special.^[165]

The first Bond film, Dr. No, saw M ordering Bond to leave his Beretta behind and take up the Walther PPK,^[170] which the film Bond used in eighteen films.^[171] In Tomorrow Never Dies and the two subsequent films, Bond's main weapon was the Walther P99semi-automatic pistol.^[171]

Vehicles

James Bond 007 Free Full Movies

In the early Bond stories Fleming gave Bond a battleship-grey Bentley ​4¹⁄₂ Litre with an Amherst Villierssupercharger.^[172] After Bond's car was written off by Hugo Drax in Moonraker, Fleming gave Bond a Mark II Continental Bentley, which he used in the remaining books of the series.^[173] During Goldfinger, Bond was issued with an Aston Martin DB Mark III with a homing device, which he used to track Goldfinger across France. Bond returned to his Bentley for the subsequent novels.^[173]

The Bond of the films has driven a number of cars, including the Aston Martin V8 Vantage,^[174] during the 1980s, the V12 Vanquish^[174] and DBS^[175] during the 2000s, as well as the Lotus Esprit;^[176] the BMW Z3,^[177]BMW 750iL^[177] and the BMW Z8.^[177] He has, however, also needed to drive a number of other vehicles, ranging from a Citroën 2CV to a Routemaster Bus, amongst others.^[178]

Bond's most famous car is the silver grey Aston Martin DB5, first seen in Goldfinger;^[179] it later featured in Thunderball, GoldenEye, Tomorrow Never Dies, Casino Royale, Skyfall and Spectre.^[180][181] The films have used a number of different Aston Martins for filming and publicity, one of which was sold in January 2006 at an auction in the US for $2,1 million to an unnamed European collector.^[182] In 2010, another DB5 used in Goldfinger was sold at auction for $4.6m million (£2.6 million).^[183]

Gadgets

Fleming's novels and early screen adaptations presented minimal equipment such as the booby-trapped attaché case in From Russia, with Love, although this situation changed dramatically with the films.^[184] However, the effects of the two Eon-produced Bond films Dr. No and From Russia with Love had an effect on the novel The Man with the Golden Gun, through the increased number of devices used in Fleming's final story.^[185]

For the film adaptations of Bond, the pre-mission briefing by Q Branch became one of the motifs that ran through the series.^[186]Dr. No provided no spy-related gadgets, but a Geiger counter was used; industrial designer Andy Davey observed that the first ever onscreen spy-gadget was the attaché case shown in From Russia with Love, which he described as 'a classic 007 product'.^[187] The gadgets assumed a higher profile in the 1964 film Goldfinger. The film's success encouraged further espionage equipment from Q Branch to be supplied to Bond, although the increased use of technology led to an accusation that Bond was over-reliant on equipment, particularly in the later films.^[188]

—Q, to Bond, Licence to Kill

Davey noted that 'Bond's gizmos follow the zeitgeist more closely than any other ... nuance in the films'^[187] as they moved from the potential representations of the future in the early films, through to the brand-name obsessions of the later films.^[187] It is also noticeable that, although Bond uses a number of pieces of equipment from Q Branch, including the Little Nellie autogyro,^[189] a jet pack^[190] and the exploding attaché case,^[191] the villains are also well-equipped with custom-made devices,^[187] including Scaramanga's golden gun,^[192] Rosa Klebb's poison-tipped shoes,^[193] Oddjob's steel-rimmed bowler hat^[194] and Blofeld's communication devices in his agents' vanity case.^[187]

Cultural impact

Cinematically, Bond has been a major influence within the spy genre since the release of Dr. No in 1962,^[195] with 22 secret agent films released in 1966 alone attempting to capitalise on the Bond franchise's popularity and success.^[196] The first parody was the 1964 film Carry On Spying, which shows the villain Dr. Crow being overcome by agents who included James Bind (Charles Hawtry) and Daphne Honeybutt (Barbara Windsor).^[197] One of the films that reacted against the portrayal of Bond was the Harry Palmer series, whose first film, The Ipcress File was released in 1965. The eponymous hero of the series was what academic Jeremy Packer called an 'anti-Bond',^[198] or what Christoph Lindner calls 'the thinking man's Bond'.^[199] The Palmer series were produced by Harry Saltzman, who also used key crew members from the Bond series, including designer Ken Adam, editor Peter R. Hunt and composer John Barry.^[200] The four 'Matt Helm' films starring Dean Martin (released between 1966 and 1969),^[201] the 'Flint' series starring James Coburn (comprising two films, one each in 1966 and 1969),^[202] while The Man from U.N.C.L.E. also moved onto the cinema screen, with eight films released: all were testaments to Bond's prominence in popular culture.^[136] More recently, the Austin Powers series by writer, producer and comedian Mike Myers,^[203] and other parodies such as the Johnny English trilogy of films,^[204] have also used elements from or parodied the Bond films.

Following the release of the film Dr. No in 1962, the line 'Bond ... James Bond', became a catch phrase that entered the lexicon of Western popular culture: writers Cork and Scivally said of the introduction in Dr. No that the 'signature introduction would become the most famous and loved film line ever'.^[205] In 2001, it was voted as the 'best-loved one-liner in cinema' by British cinema goers,^[206] and in 2005, it was honoured as the 22nd greatest quotation in cinema history by the American Film Institute as part of their 100 Years Series.^[207] The 2005 American Film Institute's '100 Years' series recognised the character of James Bond himself as the third greatest film hero.^[208] He was also placed at number 11 on a similar list by Empire^[209] and as the fifth greatest movie character of all time by Premiere.^[210]

The 23 James Bond films produced by Eon Productions, which have grossed $4,910 million in box office returns alone,^[211] have made the series one of the highest-grossing ever. It is estimated that since Dr. No, a quarter of the world's population have seen at least one Bond film.^[212] The UK Film Distributors' Association have stated that the importance of the Bond series of films to the British film industry cannot be overstated, as they 'form the backbone of the industry'.^[213]

Television also saw the effect of Bond films, with the NBC series The Man from U.N.C.L.E.,^[214] which was described as the 'first network television imitation' of Bond,^[215] largely because Fleming provided advice and ideas on the development of the series, even giving the main character the name Napoleon Solo.^[216] Other 1960s television series inspired by Bond include I Spy,^[202] and Get Smart.^[217]

A British cultural icon, by 2012, James Bond had become such a symbol of the United Kingdom that the character, played by Craig, appeared in the opening ceremony of the 2012 London Olympics as Queen Elizabeth II's escort.^[218][219] From 1968 to 2003, and since 2016, the Cadbury chocolate box Milk Tray has been advertised by the 'Milk Tray Man', a tough James Bond–style figure who undertakes daunting 'raids' to surreptitiously deliver a box of Milk Tray chocolates to a lady.^[220][221]

Throughout the life of the film series, a number of tie-in products have been released.^[222] In 2018 a James Bond museum opened atop of Austrian Alps.^[223] The futuristic museum is constructed on the summit of Gaislachkogl Mountain in Sölden at 3,048 m above sea level.^[224][225]

Criticisms

The James Bond character and related media have triggered a number of criticisms and reactions across the political spectrum, and are still highly debated in popular culture studies.^[226][227] Some observers accuse the Bond novels and films of misogyny and sexism.^[228] Geographers have considered the role of exotic locations in the movies in the dynamics of the Cold War, with power struggles among blocs playing out in the peripheral areas.^[229] Other critics claim that the Bond films reflect imperial nostalgia.^[230][231] American conservative critics, particularly in the 1960s and 1970s, saw Bond as a nihilistic, hedonistic, and amoral character that challenged family values.^[232]

See also

• 9007 James Bond, asteroid named after the character
• 'Shaken, not stirred', a catchphrase of James Bond's

References

1. ^Adejobi, Alicia (27 October 2015). 'Spectre movie: James Bond brand worth £13bn off the back of monster box office and DVD sales'. International Business Times. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
2. ^ ^abcdMacintyre, Ben (5 April 2008). 'Bond – the real Bond'. The Times. p. 36.
3. ^'Obituary: Colonel Peter Fleming, Author and explorer'. The Times. 20 August 1971. p. 14.
4. ^'James Bond, Ornithologist, 89; Fleming Adopted Name for 007'. New York Times. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
5. ^Hellman, Geoffrey T. (21 April 1962). 'Bond's Creator'. The New Yorker. p. 32. section 'Talk of the Town'. Retrieved 9 September 2011.
6. ^Chancellor 2005, p. 112.
7. ^ ^abMacintyre 2008, p. 67.
8. ^Macintyre 2008, p. 50.
9. ^Cook, William (28 June 2004). 'Novel man'. New Statesman. p. 40.
10. ^Macintyre 2008, p. 205.
11. ^Chancellor 2005, p. 59.
12. ^Pearson 2008, p. 21.
13. ^Griswold 2006, p. 27.
14. ^Macintyre 2008, p. 208.
15. ^Lycett, Andrew (2004). 'Fleming, Ian Lancaster (1908–1964) (subscription needed)'. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/33168. Retrieved 7 September 2011.
16. ^Chancellor 2005, p. 4.
17. ^ ^abChancellor 2005, p. 5.
18. ^Bennett & Woollacott 2003, p. 1, ch 1.
19. ^Black 2005, p. 75.
20. ^'Casino Royale'. The Books. Ian Fleming Publications. Archived from the original on 17 March 2012. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
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Bibliography

• Bennett, Tony; Woollacott, Janet (2003). 'The Moments of Bond'. In Lindner, Christoph (ed.). The James Bond Phenomenon: a Critical Reader. Manchester University Press. ISBN978-0-7190-6541-5.
• Benson, Raymond (1988). The James Bond Bedside Companion. London: Boxtree Ltd. ISBN978-1-85283-233-9.
• Black, Jeremy (2005). The Politics of James Bond: from Fleming's Novel to the Big Screen. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN978-0-8032-6240-9.
• Chancellor, Henry (2005). James Bond: The Man and His World. London: John Murray. ISBN978-0-7195-6815-2.
• Chapman, James (2009). Licence to Thrill: A Cultural History of the James Bond Films. New York: I.B. Tauris. ISBN978-1-84511-515-9.
• Conroy, Mike (2004). 500 Great Comicbook Action Heroes. London: Chrysalis Books Group. ISBN978-1-84411-004-9.
• Cork, John; Scivally, Bruce (2002). James Bond: The Legacy. London: Boxtree. ISBN978-0-7522-6498-1.
• Cork, John; Stutz, Collin (2007). James Bond Encyclopedia. London: Dorling Kindersley. ISBN978-1-4053-3427-3.
• Feeney Callan, Michael (2002). Sean Connery. London: Virgin Books. ISBN978-1-85227-992-9.
• Fleming, Ian; Gammidge, Henry; McLusky, John (1988). Octopussy. London: Titan Books. ISBN1-85286-040-5.
• Griswold, John (2006). Ian Fleming's James Bond: Annotations And Chronologies for Ian Fleming's Bond Stories. AuthorHouse. ISBN978-1-4259-3100-1.
• Jütting, Kerstin (2007). 'Grow Up, 007!' – James Bond Over the Decades: Formula Vs. Innovation. GRIN Verlag. ISBN978-3-638-85372-9.
• King, Geoff; Krzywinska, Tanya (2002). Screenplay: cinema/videogames/interfaces. Wallflower Press. ISBN978-1-903364-23-9.
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• Simpson, Paul (2002). The Rough Guide to James Bond. Rough Guides. ISBN978-1-84353-142-5.
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• Thompson, Maggie; Frankenhoff, Brent; Bickford, Peter (2010). Comic Book Price Guide 2010. Krause Publications. ISBN978-1-4402-1399-1.

External links

• James Bond on IMDb

James Bond is a fictional character created by novelist Ian Fleming in 1953. Bond is a British secret agent working for MI6 who also answers to his codename, 007. He has been portrayed on film by actors Sean Connery, David Niven, George Lazenby, Roger Moore, Timothy Dalton, Pierce Brosnan and Daniel Craig, in twenty-six productions. All the films but two were made by Eon Productions. Eon now holds the full adaptation rights to all of Fleming's Bond novels.^[1][2]

In 1961 producers Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman joined forces to purchase the filming rights to Fleming's novels.^[3] They founded the production company Eon Productions and, with financial backing by United Artists, began working on Dr. No, which was directed by Terence Young and featured Connery as Bond.^[4] Following Dr. No's release in 1962, Broccoli and Saltzman created the holding company Danjaq to ensure future productions in the James Bond film series.^[5] The series currently encompasses twenty-four films, with the most recent, Spectre, released in October 2015. With a combined gross of nearly $7 billion to date, the films produced by Eon constitute the fourth-highest-grossing film series, behind the Marvel Cinematic Universe, Star Wars, and Wizarding World films.^[6] Accounting for the effects of inflation the Bond films have amassed over $14 billion at current prices.^[a] The films have won five Academy Awards: for Sound Effects (now Sound Editing) in Goldfinger (at the 37th Awards), to John Stears for Visual Effects in Thunderball (at the 38th Awards), to Per Hallberg and Karen Baker Landers for Sound Editing, and to Adele and Paul Epworth for Original Song in Skyfall (at the 85th Awards), and to Sam Smith and Jimmy Napes for Original Song in Spectre (at the 88th Awards). Additionally, several of the songs produced for the films have been nominated for Academy Awards for Original Song, including Paul McCartney's 'Live and Let Die', Carly Simon's 'Nobody Does It Better' and Sheena Easton's 'For Your Eyes Only'. In 1982, Albert R. Broccoli received the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award.^[8]

When Broccoli and Saltzman bought the rights to existing and future Fleming titles, it did not include Casino Royale, which had already been sold to producer Gregory Ratoff, with the story having been adapted for television in 1954. After Ratoff's death, the rights were passed on to Charles K. Feldman,^[9] who subsequently produced the satirical Bond spoof Casino Royale in 1967.^[10] A legal case ensured that the film rights to the novel Thunderball were held by Kevin McClory as he, Fleming and scriptwriter Jack Whittingham had written a film script upon which the novel was based.^[1] Although Eon Productions and McClory joined forces to produce Thunderball, McClory still retained the rights to the story and adapted Thunderball into 1983's Never Say Never Again.^[11] The current distribution rights to both of those films are held by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, the studio which distributes Eon's regular series.^[12][13]

• 1Synopses
• 5References

Synopses[edit]

Dr. No (1962)[edit]

Strangways, the British Intelligence (SIS) Station Chief in Jamaica, is killed. In response, British agent James Bond—also known as 007—is sent to Jamaica to investigate the circumstances. During his investigation Bond meets Quarrel, a Cayman fisherman, who had been working with Strangways around the nearby islands to collect mineral samples. One of the islands was Crab Key, home to the reclusive Dr. No.

Bond visits the island, where he meets a local shell diver, Honey Ryder. The three are attacked by No's men, who kill Quarrel using a flame-throwing armoured tractor; Bond and Honey are taken prisoner. Dr. No informs them he is a member of SPECTRE, the SPecial Executive for Counter-intelligence, Terrorism, Revenge, and Extortion, and he plans to disrupt the Project Mercury space launch from Cape Canaveral with his atomic-powered radio beam. Bond and Honey escape from the island, killing No and blowing up his lair in the process.

From Russia with Love (1963)[edit]

SPECTRE's expert planner Kronsteen, known as 'Number Five', upon order of the organisation's Number One, devises a plot to steal a Lektor cryptographic device from the Soviets and sell it back to them while exacting revenge on Bond for killing their agent Dr. No; ex-SMERSH operative Rosa Klebb, SPECTRE's Number Three, is in charge of the mission. She recruits Donald Grant as an assassin and Tatiana Romanova, a cipher clerk at the Soviet consulate in Istanbul, as the unwitting bait.

Bond travels to Turkey and meets Ali Kerim Bey, the MI6 officer in Turkey. Between them, they obtain the Lektor, and the three escape with the device on the Orient Express. However, they are followed by Grant, who kills Kerim Bey and a Soviet security officer. Grant pretends to be another British agent and meets Bond. Over dinner Grant drugs Romanova, then overcomes Bond. Bond tricks Grant into opening Bond's attaché case in the manner that detonates its tear gas booby trap, allowing Bond to attack and kill him. Bond and Romanova escape with the Lektor to Venice. Rosa Klebb, disguised as a hotel maid, attempts to steal the Lektor and kill Bond, but ends up being shot by Romanova.

Goldfinger (1964)[edit]

Bond is ordered to observe bullion dealer Auric Goldfinger. He suspects Goldfinger of cheating at cards and foils his scheme by distracting his female accomplice, who is later killed by Goldfinger's Korean manservant and henchman Oddjob after Bond seduces her. Bond is then instructed to investigate Goldfinger's gold smuggling operation and he tails the dealer to Switzerland. Bond is captured when he reconnoitres Goldfinger's plant and is drugged unconscious; Goldfinger then transports Bond to his Kentucky stud farm where he holds Bond captive. Bond escapes briefly to witness Goldfinger's meeting with US mafiosi, observing secretly as Goldfinger presents to the gangsters his plans to rob Fort Knox by using materials they have smuggled to him and later kills them to avoid paying issues.

Bond is recaptured after hearing the details of the operation, but he subsequently seduces Pussy Galore, Goldfinger's private pilot and convinces her to inform the American authorities. Goldfinger's private army break into Fort Knox and access the vault, where Bond fights and kills Oddjob, while American troops battle with Goldfinger's army outside. Bond's plane is hijacked by Goldfinger, but Bond struggles with him, and shoots out a window, creating an explosive decompression, killing Goldfinger.^[14]

Thunderball (1965)[edit]

Bond investigates the hijacking of an Avro Vulcan loaded with two atomic bombs, which had been taken by SPECTRE. The organisation demands a ransom for the return of the bombs. Bond follows a lead to the Bahamas, where he meets up with his CIA counterpart and friend Felix Leiter. The pair suspect a rich playboy, Emilio Largo, who is soon discovered to be SPECTRE's Number Two, ordered by the secretive Number One to direct the operation, and search the area around his yacht and then the area where they think the yacht may have travelled. After finding the plane—but without the nuclear devices on board—the two agents arrange for Largo's yacht to be tracked and ambushed once the bombs are being moved by Largo.

Casino Royale (1967)[edit]

Bond is brought out of retirement to deal with SMERSH and is promoted to the head of MI6 on the death of M. He recruits baccarat player Evelyn Tremble to beat SMERSH agent Le Chiffre. Having embezzled SMERSH's money, Le Chiffre is desperate for money to cover up his theft. Tremble stops Le Chiffre's cheating and beats him in a game of baccarat. Tremble is captured, tortured and killed. Bond establishes that the casino is located atop a giant underground headquarters run by the evil Dr. Noah; he and Moneypenny travel there to investigate. Dr. Noah turns out to be Sir James's nephew Jimmy Bond, who plans to use biological warfare to make all women beautiful and kill all tall men, leaving him as the 'big man' who gets all the girls. The casino is then overrun by secret agents and a battle ensues, but the building explodes, killing all inside.

You Only Live Twice (1967)[edit]

007 is sent to Japan to investigate the spacecraft theft and astronaut kidnapping in orbit of American Project Gemini spacecraft Jupiter 16 by an unidentified spacecraft. Upon his arrival, Bond is contacted by Aki, assistant to the Japanese secret service leader Tiger Tanaka. Bond established that the mastermind behind the hijacking is SPECTRE's Number One, Ernst Stavro Blofeld, in conjunction with Osato, a local industrialist. Bond follows the trail to Blofeld's island headquarters and spaceport, while the spacecraft, Bird One, attacks a Soviet capsule. Blofeld explains to Bond that his plot is to fake in front of each superpower that Bird One is an enemy spacecraft to transform the Cold War into World War III.

Tanaka's ninja troops attack the island, while Bond manages to distract Blofeld and create a diversion which allows him to open the hatch, letting in the ninjas. During the battle, Osato is killed by Blofeld, who activates the base's self-destruct system and escapes. Bond, Kissy, Tanaka, and the surviving ninjas escape through the cave tunnel before it explodes, and are rescued by submarine.

On Her Majesty's Secret Service (1969)[edit]

While searching for Blofeld, the head of SPECTRE, Bond saves Tracy di Vicenzo on the beach from committing suicide by drowning, and later meets her again in a casino. Bond then receives information from Marc-Ange Draco, the head of the European crime syndicate Unione Corse and Tracy's father, about Blofeld's Swiss solicitor. Bond breaks into the solicitors office and establishes Blofeld is corresponding with the London College of Arms. Posing as an emissary of the college, Bond meets Blofeld, who has established a clinical allergy-research institute atop Piz Gloria in the Swiss Alps. Bond soon establishes that Blofeld is brainwashing his patients to distribute bacteriological warfare agents throughout various parts of the world.

Bond escapes from the clinic after Blofeld identifies him as the British agent. Bond arranges a raid on the clinic using men from Draco's organisation. The raid is a success, although Blofeld escapes. Bond marries Tracy, but she is murdered shortly afterwards by Irma Bunt, Blofeld's partner.

Diamonds Are Forever (1971)[edit]

Bond is tasked with investigating a major diamond smuggling ring which begins in Africa and runs through Holland and the UK to the United States. Disguised as professional smuggler and murderer Peter Franks, Bond travels to Amsterdam to meet contact Tiffany Case: he is given the diamonds and travels on to the US, where he is met by Felix Leiter. Bond moves through the chain, which leads to the Whyte House, a casino-hotel owned by the reclusive billionaire Willard Whyte.

Bond follows the diamonds to a pick-up by Bert Saxby, Whyte's head of security, and then onto a research laboratory owned by Whyte, where he finds that a satellite is being built by a laser refraction specialist, Professor Dr. Metz. Suspecting Whyte, Bond tries to confront him, but instead meets Blofeld, who captures the agent and explains to him that the satellite can blow up nuclear missiles. Blofeld admits that he intends to auction it to the highest bidder. Bond escapes and frees the captive Whyte and they establish that Blofeld is using an offshore oil rig as his base. Bond attacks the rig, stopping Blofeld's operation and dispersing his organisation.

Live and Let Die (1973)[edit]

James Bond is sent to investigate the murder of three British MI6 agents, all of whom have been killed within 24 hours. He discovers the victims were all separately investigating the operations of Dr. Kananga, the dictator of a small Caribbean island, San Monique. He also establishes that Kananga also acts as Mr. Big, a ruthless and cunning American gangster.

Upon visiting San Monique, Bond determines that Kananga is producing two tons of heroin and is protecting the poppy fields by exploiting locals' fear of voodoo and the occult. Through his alter ego, Mr. Big, Kananga plans to distribute the heroin free of charge at his Fillet of Soul restaurants, which will increase the number of addicts. Bond is captured by Kananga, but he escapes, killing Kananga and destroying the poppy crop.

The Man with the Golden Gun (1974)[edit]

After receiving a golden bullet with James Bond's code '007' etched into its surface M relieves Bond of a mission locating a British scientist, Gibson, who has invented the 'Solex agitator', a device to harness solar power, thereby solving the energy crisis. The bullet signifies Bond is a target of assassin Francisco Scaramanga and Bond sets out unofficially to find him. From a spent golden bullet, Bond tracks Scaramanga to Macau, where he sees Scaramanga's mistress collecting golden bullets at a casino. Bond follows her to Hong Kong, where he witnesses the murder of Gibson and the theft of the Solex agitator. Bond is subsequently assigned to retrieve the agitator and assassinate Scaramanga.

Bond meets with Hai Fat, a wealthy Thai entrepreneur suspected of arranging Gibson's murder, and is captured, but subsequently escapes. He tracks Scaramanga to an island in Red Chinese waters, where the two men fight and Bond kills the assassin.

The Spy Who Loved Me (1977)[edit]

Bond is tasked with investigating the disappearance of British and Sovietballistic missile submarines and the subsequent offer to sell a submarine tracking system. Bond works alongside Major Anya Amasova of the KGB. The pair track the plans across Egypt and identify the person responsible for the thefts as shipping tycoon, scientist and anarchist Karl Stromberg.

Bond and Amasova follow a suspicious tanker owned by Stromberg and establish it is responsible for the missing submarines; the submarine in which they are travelling is also captured by Stromberg. Stromberg plans to destroy Moscow and New York, triggering nuclear war; he planned to then establish a new civilisation. Bond escapes, freeing the submariners captured from the other submarines and follows Stromberg to his headquarters, where he shoots the tycoon and a torpedo destroys the base.

Moonraker (1979)[edit]

A Drax Industries Moonraker space shuttle on loan is hijacked and Bond is ordered to investigate. Bond meets the owner of the company, Hugo Drax and one of Drax's scientists, Dr. Holly Goodhead. Bond follows the trail to Venice, where he establishes that Drax is manufacturing a nerve gas deadly to humans, but harmless to animals. Bond again meets Goodhead and finds out that she is a CIA agent.

Bond travels to the Amazon looking for Drax's research facility, where he is captured. He and Goodhead pose as pilots on one of six space shuttles being sent by Drax to a hidden space station. There Bond finds out that Drax plans to destroy all human life by launching fifty globes containing the toxin into the Earth's atmosphere. Bond and Goodhead disable the radar jammer hiding the station from Earth and the US sends a platoon of Marines in a military space shuttle. During the battle, Bond kills Drax and his station is destroyed.

For Your Eyes Only (1981)[edit]

After a British spy boat sinks, a marine archaeologist, Sir Timothy Havelock, is tasked to retrieve its Automatic Targeting Attack Communicator (ATAC) communication system before the Russians do. After Havelock is murdered by Gonzales, a Cuban hit-man, Bond is ordered to find out who hired Gonzales. While investigating, Bond is captured, but Gonzales is subsequently killed by Havelock's daughter Melina, and she and Bond escape. Bond identifies one of those present with Gonzales as Emile Leopold Locque and so follows a lead to Italy and meets his contact, Luigi Ferrara, and a well-connected Greek businessman and intelligence informant, Aris Kristatos. Kristatos tells Bond that Locque is employed by Milos Columbo, Kristatos' former organised crime partner.

After Ferrara is murdered—and the evidence points to Columbo—Bond is captured by men working for Columbo. Columbo then explains that Locque was actually hired by Kristatos, who is working for the KGB to retrieve the ATAC. Bond and Melina recover the ATAC but are captured by Kristatos. They escape and follow Kristatos to Greece, where he is killed and the ATAC is destroyed by Bond.

Octopussy (1983)[edit]

James Bond 007 Free Movies

Bond investigates the murder of 009, killed in East Berlin while dressed as a circus clown and carrying a fake Fabergé egg. An identical egg appears at auction and Bond establishes the buyer, exiled Afghan prince, Kamal Khan is working with Orlov, a renegade Soviet general, who is seeking to expand Soviet borders into Europe. Bond meets Octopussy, a wealthy woman who leads the Octopus cult. Bond finds out that Orlov has been supplying Khan with priceless Soviet treasures, replacing them with replicas, while Khan has been smuggling the real versions into the West, via Octopussy's circus troupe.

Bond infiltrates the circus, and finds that Orlov replaced the Soviet treasures with a nuclear warhead, primed to explode at a US Air Force base in West Germany. The explosion would trigger Europe into seeking disarmament, in the belief that the bomb was an American one that was detonated by accident, leaving the West's borders open to Soviet invasion. Bond deactivates the warhead and then he returns to India, joining an assault on Khan's palace.

Never Say Never Again (1983)[edit]

Bond investigates the hijacking of two cruise missiles with live nuclear warheads which had been taken by SPECTRE. He meets Domino Petachi, the pilot's sister, and her lover, Maximillian Largo, SPECTRE's Number One, who directly responds to Blofeld. Following them to France, Bond informs Domino of her brother's death and subsequently finds his MI6 colleague killed by Fatima Blush, another SPECTRE agent: Bond kills her. Bond and Felix Leiter then attempt to board Largo's motor yacht, the Flying Saucer, in search of the missing nuclear warheads. Bond becomes trapped and is taken, with Domino, to Palmyra, Largo's base of operations in North Africa, but Bond subsequently escapes with Domino. The two agents ambush Largo while he is placing one of the bombs.

A View to a Kill (1985)[edit]

Bond investigates millionaire industrialist Max Zorin, who is trying to corner the world market in microchips. He establishes that Zorin was previously trained and financed by the KGB, but has now gone rogue. Zorin unveils to a group of investors his plan to destroy Silicon Valley which will give him a monopoly in the manufacturing of microchips.

Bond uncovers Zorin's plan is to detonate explosives beneath the lakes along the Hayward and San Andreas faults, which will cause them to flood. A larger bomb is also on site in the mine to destroy a 'geological lock' that prevents the two faults from moving at the same time. Bond destroys the bomb, and subsequently kills Zorin.

The Living Daylights (1987)[edit]

Bond aids the defection of KGB officer General Georgi Koskov, by wounding a female KGB sniper, Kara Milovy, a cellist. During his debriefing Koskov alleges KGB's old policy of Smiert Spionam, meaning Death to Spies, has been revived by General Leonid Pushkin, the new head of the KGB. Koskov is subsequently abducted from the safe-house and Bond is ordered to kill Pushkin.

Bond tracks down Milovy and establishes she is Koskov's girlfriend and that the defection was staged. He subsequently finds out that Koskov is a friend of the arms dealer Brad Whitaker. After meeting Pushkin and faking his assassination by Bond, Bond investigates a scheme by Koskov and Whitaker to embezzle KGB funds and use them to purchase diamonds, which they then use to purchase drugs. After Koskov purchases the drugs, Bond destroys them. Koskov is subsequently arrested by Pushkin, while Bond kills Whitaker.

Licence to Kill (1989)[edit]

Bond aids Felix Leiter in the capture of drugs lord Franz Sanchez; Sanchez escapes and maims Leiter, killing his wife. Bond swears revenge, but is ordered to return to duty by M. Bond refuses, and M revokes his licence to kill, causing Bond to become a rogue agent; although officially stripped of his status, he is unofficially given help by Q.

Bond journeys to Sanchez's home in the Republic of Isthmus and is taken onto Sanchez's staff, where he manages to raise Sanchez's suspicions against a number of his employees. When Bond is taken to Sanchez's main base and drugs refinery, he is recognised by one of Sanchez's men and captured. He escapes, destroying the refinery in the process, and pursues Sanchez, killing him.

GoldenEye (1995)[edit]

In 1986 Bond and Alec Trevelyan—agent 006—infiltrate an illicit Soviet chemical weapons facility and plant explosive charges. Trevelyan is shot, but Bond escapes from the facility as it explodes. Nine years later, Bond witnesses the theft by criminal organisation Janus of a prototype Eurocopter Tiger helicopter that can withstand an electromagnetic pulse. Janus uses the helicopter to steal the control disk for the dual GoldenEye satellite weapons, using the GoldenEye to destroy the complex with an electromagnetic pulse; there are two survivors of the attack, the programmers, Natalya Simonov and Boris Grishenko.

Bond investigates the attack and travels to Russia where he locates Simonova and learns that Trevelyan, who had faked his own death, was the head of Janus. Simonova tracks computer traffic to Cuba and she and Bond travel there and locate Trevelyan, who reveals his plan to steal money from the Bank of England before erasing all of its financial records with the GoldenEye, concealing the theft and destroying Britain's economy. Bond and Simonova destroy the satellite facility, killing Trevelyan and Grishenko in the process.

Tomorrow Never Dies (1997)[edit]

Bond investigates the sinking of a British warship in Chinese waters, the theft of one of the ship's cruise missiles—and the shooting down of a Chinese fighter plane. He uncovers a link to media mogul Elliot Carver which suggests that Carver had purchased a GPS encoder on the black market.

Bond encounters Chinese agent Wai Lin, who is also investigating the matter and the two agree to work together. They discover that Carver had used the GPS encoder to push the British ship off course and into Chinese waters to incite a war for ratings. With the British fleet on their way to China, Bond and Wai Lin find Carver's stealth ship, board it and prevent the firing of a British cruise missile at Beijing. They blow a hole in the ship, exposing it to radar, leading to its sinking averting war between Britain and China.

The World Is Not Enough (1999)[edit]

Bond recovers money for Sir Robert King, a British oil tycoon and friend of M, but the money is booby-trapped and kills King shortly afterwards. Bond traces the money to Renard, a KGB agent-turned-terrorist, who had previously kidnapped King's daughter Elektra. MI6 believes that Renard is targeting Elektra King a second time and Bond is assigned to protect her; the pair are subsequently attacked.

Bond visits Valentin Zukovsky and is informed that Elektra's head of security, Davidov, is in league with Renard: Bond kills Davidov and follows the trail to a Russian ICBM base in Kazakhstan. Posing as a Russian nuclear scientist, Bond meets American nuclear physicist Christmas Jones. The two witness Renard stealing the GPS locator card and a half quantity of weapons-grade plutonium from a bomb and set off an explosion, from which Bond and Jones escape. Elektra kidnaps M after she thinks Bond had been killed and Bond establishes that Elektra intends to create a nuclear explosion in a submarine in Istanbul to increase the value of her own oil pipeline. Bond frees M, kills Elektra and then disarms the bomb on the submarine where he kills Renard.

Die Another Day (2002)[edit]

Bond investigates North Korean Colonel Tan-Sun Moon, who is illegally trading African conflict diamonds for weapons. Moon is apparently killed and Bond is captured and tortured for 14 months, after which he is exchanged for Zao, Moon's assistant. Despite being suspended on his return, he decides to complete his mission and tracks down Zao to a gene therapy clinic, where patients can have their appearances altered through DNA restructuring. Zao escapes, but the trail leads to British billionaire Gustav Graves.

Graves unveils a mirror satellite, 'Icarus', which is able to focus solar energy on a small area and provide year-round sunshine for crop development. Bond discovers Moon has also undergone the gene therapy and has assumed the identity of Graves. Bond then exposes Moon's plan: to use the Icarus as a sun gun to cut a path through the Korean Demilitarized Zone with concentrated sunlight, allowing North Korean troops to invade South Korea and reunite the countries through force. Bond disables the Icarus controls, kills Moon and stops the invasion.

Casino Royale (2006)[edit]

This serves as a reboot of the series, with Bond winning his 00 status in the pre-credits sequence. Bond is instructed to investigate the funding of terrorism. He tracks down and kills a bomb-maker and takes his mobile phone. Searching through the phone, Bond discovers a text message which he traces to Alex Dimitrios, and then on to financer Le Chiffre. Le Chiffre's investments involve short-selling stock in successful companies and then engineering terrorist attacks to sink their share prices. Bond foils Le Chiffre's plan to destroy the prototype Skyfleet airliner, which forces Le Chiffre to set up a high-stakes poker tournament at the Casino Royale to recoup his fortune. Bond is instructed to beat Le Chiffre and is aided by a member of HM Treasury, Vesper Lynd.

Bond beats Le Chiffre at the poker table, but Lynd is kidnapped by Le Chiffre after the game, as is Bond, who is captured whilst pursuing them; Lynd is ransomed for the money and Bond is tortured. Le Chiffre is subsequently killed by Mr. White, a liaison between Le Chiffre and a number of his clients. Bond learns that his poker winnings were never repaid to the Treasury, which Lynd was supposed to have done, and Bond establishes that she was a double agent. Bond pursues her and is attacked by members of White's organisation: he survives, but White takes the money and Lynd sacrifices herself in exchange for Bond's life, as he later finds out from M. Bond subsequently finds and captures White.

Quantum of Solace (2008)[edit]

Along with M, Bond interrogates Mr. White regarding his organisation, Quantum. M's bodyguard, Mitchell, a double agent, attacks M, enabling White to escape. Bond traces the organisation to Haiti and a connection to environmentalist Dominic Greene.

Bond uncovers a plot between Greene and an exiled Bolivian General, Medrano, to put Medrano in power in Bolivia while Quantum are given a monopoly to run the water supply to the country. Bond ascertains Quantum are damming Bolivia's supply of fresh water to force the price up. Bond attacks the hotel where Greene and Medrano are finalising their plans and leaves Greene stranded in the desert with only a tin of engine oil to drink. Bond then finds Vesper Lynd's former lover and member of Quantum, Yusef Kabira.

Skyfall (2012)[edit]

After an operation in Istanbul ends in disaster, Bond is missing and presumed to be dead. In the aftermath, questions are raised over M's ability to run the Secret Service, and she becomes the subject of a government review over her handling of the situation. The Service itself is attacked, prompting Bond's return to London. His presence assists MI6's investigation in uncovering a lead, and Bond is sent to Shanghai and Macau in pursuit of a mercenary named Patrice. There, he establishes a connection to Raoul Silva, a former MI6 agent who was captured and tortured by Chinese agents. Blaming M for his imprisonment, he sets in motion a plan to ruin her reputation before murdering her. Bond saves M and attempts to lure Silva into a trap, and while he is successful in repelling Silva's assault, M is mortally wounded. Bond returns to active duty under the command of the new M, Gareth Mallory.

Spectre (2015)[edit]

Following her death in Skyfall, M sends Bond a posthumous message that leads him to thwart a terrorist attack in Mexico City. Gareth Mallory takes Bond off active duty for his illegal operation, but Bond continues his investigation off the books. The trail leads him first to Rome, where he learns of a sinister terrorist organisation known as 'Spectre'; and later to Austria where he finds former adversary Mr. White, who Spectre ordered to murder, dying of thallium poisoning. White asks Bond to protect his daughter Madeleine Swann from Spectre and its leader, Franz Oberhauser, before committing suicide. Meanwhile, Mallory comes under pressure to have British intelligence join a global intelligence-sharing network code-named 'Nine Eyes'. With Swann's help, Bond tracks Spectre to Morocco and learns that Spectre is behind the terror attacks, creating a need for Nine Eyes. Spectre controls Nine Eyes, giving them access to the intelligence-sharing network. Oberhauser captures and tortures Bond, revealing that his father was Bond's guardian after the deaths of Bond's parents. Now known as Ernst Stavro Blofeld, he claims responsibility for everything Bond has suffered in his career. Bond and Swann escape and return to London where Bond joins forces with Mallory and Q to shut down Nine Eyes and apprehend Blofeld.^[15][16][17]

Box office and budget[edit]

The Eon-produced films have a combined gross of nearly $7 billion, and constitute the fourth-highest-grossing film series, behind Star Wars, Harry Potter films and the Marvel Cinematic Universe.^[6]

James Bond Movies Online

Note

• ¹² Films not produced by Eon

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Reception and accolades[edit]

The Bond films have been nominated for a number of awards throughout their fifty-year history, with most films winning an award; these include successes at the British Academy Film Awards, Golden Globe Awards and Academy Awards. In addition, in 1982 Albert R. Broccoli received the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award.^[36]

See also[edit]

• Casino Royale (Climax!), the first live-action adaptation of an Ian Fleming novel

References[edit]

Footnotes

1. ^Prior to the release of Skyfall in 2012, the James Bond series had grossed approximately $12.5 billion at 2011 prices;^[7] after factoring in earnings of almost $2 billion from Skyfall and Spectre, the series has earned at least $14 billion adjusted for inflation.
2. ^Balio (p. 260) sets Connery's compensation for Dr. No at $154,000: $54,000 as salary and $100,000 as a bonus.
3. ^Balio (p. 262) claims Connery was paid a straight 12.5% of the gross. Diamonds Are Forever grossed $42 million so Connery received over $5 million from which he gave $1.25 million to the Scottish International Education Trust.
4. ^The official production budget for Spectre has been debated. Estimates range from $245–250^{[28][29][30][31]} to as high as $300–350 million^[32][33] The $350 million figure also incorporates the $100 million marketing budget.^[34] $21.5 million was spent on television advertisements and a further $100 million was spent on promotion and advertising.^[29]

Citations

1. ^ ^abPoliakoff, Keith (2000). 'License to Copyright – The Ongoing Dispute Over the Ownership of James Bond'. Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal. 18: 387–436.
2. ^Shprintz, Janet (29 March 1999). 'Big Bond-holder'. Variety. Retrieved 4 November 2011. Judge Rafeedie ... found that McClory's rights in the 'Thunderball' material had reverted to the estate of Fleming
3. ^Chapman 2009, p. 5.
4. ^Chapman 2009, p. 43.
5. ^Judge M. Margaret McKeown (27 August 2001). 'Danjaq et al. v. Sony Corporation et al'(PDF). United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. p. 9. Archived from the original(PDF) on 4 October 2006. Retrieved 27 November 2006. in 1962 ... Danjaq teamed up with United Artists to produce Bond films.
6. ^ ^ab'Movie Franchises'. The Numbers. Nash Information Services. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
7. ^The Economist online (11 July 2011). 'Pottering on, and on'. The Economist. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
8. ^ ^ab'The 54th Academy Awards (1982)'. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved 27 October 2011.
9. ^Balio 1987, p. 255.
10. ^'Casino Royale (1967)'. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Retrieved 8 September 2011.
11. ^'The Lost Bond'. Total Film. Future Publishing. 27 February 2008. Retrieved 13 October 2011.
12. ^'Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Inc. announces acquisition of Never Say Never Again James Bond assets' (Press release). Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. 4 December 1997. Archived from the original on 5 May 2008. Retrieved 16 March 2008.
13. ^Sterngold, James (30 March 1999). 'Sony Pictures, in an accord with MGM, drops its plan to produce new James Bond films'. The New York Times. Retrieved 16 March 2008.
14. ^Munden 1997, p. 415.
15. ^'Bond returns in Spectre'. 007.com. Eon Productions. 4 December 2014. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
16. ^Martin, William (4 December 2014). ''SPECTRE': Poster and synopsis revealed for new Bond film'. Cultbox. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
17. ^'Sam Mendes: Spectre about Bond's childhood'. BBC Entertainment. BBC. 27 February 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
18. ^Cork & Scivally 2002, pp. 300-303.
19. ^ ^abBlock & Autrey Wilson 2010, pp. 428–429.
20. ^Balio 1987, p. 260–266.
21. ^ ^abcd'Box Office History for James Bond Movies'. The Numbers. Nash Information Services, LLC. Retrieved 5 October 2011.
22. ^ ^abcdefghijFederal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. 'Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–'. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
23. ^ ^ab'Skyfall'. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
24. ^Sizemore, Charles (10 October 2012). 'Bond Investing. James Bond Investing'. Forbes. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
25. ^Smith, Grady (1 November 2012). 'Box office update: 'Skyfall' blazes past $100 million internationally'. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
26. ^Brooks, Richard (18 November 2012). 'Craig in £31m deal to film two more Bonds'. The Sunday Times. London. pp. 4–5.
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